2025 Electricity ATB Technologies and Data Overview

The 2025 Electricity Annual Technology Baseline (ATB) provides consistent, freely available, technology-specific cost and performance parameters across a range of research and development (R&D) advancement scenarios, resource characteristics, and sites for electricity-generating technologies, both at present and with projections through 2060. Two sets of financial assumptions are available: The With Tax Credits Case includes some effects of tax credits enacted as of July 2025, and the Without Tax Credits Case (shown by default in the figures) does not. The performance parameters in the Electricity ATB include the following:

Capital expenditures (CAPEX)
Operations and maintenance (O&M) expenditures
Capacity factors.

Use the charts and table below to explore ranges, projections, and a summary of ATB data. Interact with the chart by selecting parameters, or explore the meaning of the data by selecting the black arrow next to "Click arrow to explore details." You can also download 2025 ATB data.

CAPEX Ranges

Click the black arrow next to "Click arrow to explore details" in the upper right to select parameters, including O&M and capacity factor.

See definitions for CAPEX, capacity factor, O&M, OCC, CFC, GCC, financial cases, and all other terms used in the ATB.

Cost and performance are summarized by technology for the year specified. For details, see the Representative Technology section of each technology page (e.g., Land-Based Wind: Representative Technology). Monetary values are in 2023 USD.

The ATB develops original data for generation and storage technologies, other than biopower. It relies on the Annual Energy Outlook 2025 (AEO2025) (EIA, 2025) for biopower plants. Orange bars reflect the representative ATB plant characteristics; blue bars represent the full range in the ATB. See technology detail for additional information.

CC = combined cycle; CCS = carbon capture and storage; CSP = concentrating solar power; CT = combustion turbine; DW = distributed wind; EGS = enhanced geothermal systems; Exp = Expanded cost drivers case; Exp + TC = Expanded cost drivers case plus tax credits; IGCC = integrated gasification combined cycle; NF = near-field; NSD = new stream-reach development; NPD = nonpowered dam; PC = pulverized coal; PV = solar photovoltaics; R&D = Research and development cost drivers case; R&D + TC = R&D cost drivers case plus tax credits; TES = thermal energy storage

CAPEX Projections

Click the black arrow next to "Click arrow to explore details" in the upper right to select parameters, including CAPEX, O&M, and capacity factor.

See definitions for CAPEX, capacity factor, O&M, and financial cases.

The ATB develops original data for generation and storage technologies, other than biopower. It relies on AEO2025 (EIA, 2025) for biopower plants.

Summary of Minimum and Maximum Values of CAPEX, Capacity Factor, and O&M

See definitions for CAPEX, capacity factor, FCR, O&M, and financial cases.

Here, 2025 ATB cost and performance are summarized by technology for the year specified. For details, see the Representative Technology section of each technology page. Monetary values are in 2023 USD. The ATB develops original data for generation and storage technologies, other than biopower. It relies on AEO2025 (EIA, 2025) for biopower plants.

Assumptions

The figures and table illustrate the selected data dimensions, which are developed using the assumptions described briefly here; follow the links provided for additional information.

Representative Technologies and Parameters

The specifics of representative technologies, parameter definitions, historical trends, Base Year estimates, and future projections used in the ATB are described on the respective technology page (e.g., Land-Based Wind). Links to definitions (e.g., CAPEX) provide information that applies to all technologies.

Select a link in the table below to jump to the technology-specific description of each parameter.

Links to Technology-Specific Documentation of CAPEX, O&M, Capacity Factor, and Representative Technology

CAPEX	O&M	Capacity Factor	Representative Technology
Land-Based Wind	Land-Based Wind	Land-Based Wind	Land-Based Wind
Offshore Wind	Offshore Wind	Offshore Wind	Offshore Wind
Utility-Scale PV	Utility-Scale PV	Utility-Scale PV	Utility-Scale PV
Commercial PV	Commercial PV	Commercial PV	Commercial PV
Residential PV	Residential PV	Residential PV	Residential PV
CSP	CSP	CSP	CSP
Geothermal	Geothermal	Geothermal	Geothermal
Hydropower	Hydropower	Hydropower	Hydropower
Utility-Scale PV-Plus-Battery	Utility-Scale PV-Plus-Battery	Utility-Scale PV-Plus-Battery	Utility-Scale PV-Plus-Battery
Nuclear	Nuclear	Nuclear	Nuclear
Utility-Scale Battery Storage	Utility-Scale Battery Storage	Utility-Scale Battery Storage	N/A
Commercial Battery Storage	Commercial Battery Storage	Commercial Battery Storage	N/A
Residential Battery Storage	Residential Battery Storage	Residential Battery Storage	N/A
Pumped Storage Hydropower	Pumped Storage Hydropower	N/A	N/A
Natural Gas (including retrofits)	Natural Gas (including retrofits)	N/A	N/A
Coal (including retrofits)	Coal (including retrofits)	N/A	N/A

Technology Innovation Scenarios

The ATB provides original technology advancement scenarios for renewable electricity generating technologies, fossil fuel generating technologies, nuclear generating technologies, and energy storage. The Conservative, Moderate, and Advanced scenarios that appear in tables and figures refer to a range of assumptions about technology advancement and associated cost and performance.

Financial Assumptions Cases

Financial assumptions change the cost of capital to finance electricity generation projects and offer additional scenarios with expanded cost drivers for some technologies. Two project finance structures are used within the ATB: a Without Tax Credits Case and a With Tax Credits Case. Independent power producer financing structure is assumed.

Year

The ATB includes estimates (for the Base Year) and projections (for the projected years) for each technology. Projections are based on trend lines between historical data and long-term (2030 or 2035 and 2050 or 2060) estimated costs. For most technologies, the Base Year (2023) is the final year of historical data. Near-term values in the ATB do not reflect every local or near-term market condition, nor are the longer-term ATB projections informed by recent changes.

Cost Recovery Period

The ATB displays three cost recovery period options: 20 years, 30 years, and technical life.

Technology

Each of the technology-specific pages (e.g., Land-Based Wind) describes the assumptions and methodologies used to develop the data for that technology.

Technology Detail

Technology detail indicates resource level and specific technology subcategories.

Methodology

Refer to ATB Approach and Methodology for details about the methods used to develop the cost and performance projections.

Limitations

Refer to the disclaimer agreement and this guide to technical limitations.

References

The following references are specific to this page; for all references in this ATB, see References.

EIA. “Annual Energy Outlook 2025.” Washington, D.C.: Energy Information Administration, 2025. https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/.